This edition presents the latest research results in materials science and technologies for materials synthesis, processing and applications. The topics of this publication are modern polymer, composite including metal matrix composite materials, modern biotechnologies of biomass processing, biodiesel synthesis, waste materials and biomaterials applications as a partial replacement of aggregates in the production of concrete and asphalt pavements. The book will be interesting and helpful for engineers which activities related to the mechanical engineering industry, chemical production and construction.