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9.4.2 Valley Reconfiguration and Hydrologic Modifications -- 9.4.3 Stream Dimension, Pattern, and Profile -- 9.4.3.1 Main Channel -- 9.4.3.2 Ephemeral Channels -- 9.4.3.3 Bioreactor-Wetland Treatment System -- 9.4.3.4 Forested Zones -- 9.4.3.5 Erosion Control -- 9.5 Monitoring -- 9.5.1 Geomorphology -- 9.5.2 Hydrology -- 9.5.3 Water Quality -- 9.5.4 Vegetation -- 9.5.4.1 Forested Zones -- 9.5.4.1.1 Riparian Forest Census -- 9.5.4.1.2 Upland Forest Census -- 9.5.4.2 Ground Cover -- 9.5.5 Habitat -- 9.6 Results -- 9.6.1 Geomorphology -- 9.6.2 Hydrology -- 9.6.3 Water Quality -- 9.6.4 Vegetation -- 9.6.4.1 Riparian Forest Census -- 9.6.4.2 Upland Forest Census -- 9.6.4.3 Ground Cover -- 9.6.5 Habitat -- 9.7 Lessons Learned -- 9.7.1 Isolation of Problematic Spoils -- 9.7.2 Groundwater Connection -- 9.7.3 Colonization of Macroinvertebrates -- 9.7.4 Invasive Species -- 9.7.5 Browse -- References -- Chapter 10: Key Issues in Mine Closure Planning for Pit Lakes -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Key Issues -- 10.2.1 Determining Closure Objectives and Developing Closure Criteria -- 10.2.2 Anticipating and Meeting Stakeholder and Regulator Expectations -- 10.2.3 Predicting and Managing Water Balances -- 10.2.4 Understanding Long-Term Vertical Mixing Regimes -- 10.2.5 Identifying Contaminants of Concern -- 10.2.6 Mitigating Acid and Metalliferous Drainage (AMD) -- 10.2.7 Subaqueous Disposal of Liquid and Solid Mine Waste -- 10.2.8 Health and Safety Issues -- 10.2.9 Historical Reliability of Model Predictions -- 10.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Carbon Sequestration Potential on Mined Lands -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Mining-Related Disturbance -- 11.1.2 Restoration Methods -- 11.2 Rates of Carbon Sequestration -- 11.2.1 Carbon Accrual Over Time or With Topsoil -- 11.2.2 Carbon Accrual With Residuals -- 11.3 Other Factors