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Samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycles of birth, death, and bardo. Samsara arises by ignorance (avidya) and is characterized by dukkha (suffering from (1) birth, (2) aging, (3) sick, (4) death, (5) separation from loved ones, (6) association with unbeloved ones, (7) non-obtainment of desired goals, and (8) clinging to five aggregates). In the Buddhist view, liberation from samsara is possible by learning "The Four Noble Truths".