This book presents refereed proceedings of the First International Conference on Neural Computing for Advanced Applications, NCAA 2020, held in July, 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the conference was held online. The 36 full papers and 7 short papers were thorougly reviewed and selected from a total of 113 qualified submissions. The papers present resent research on such topics as neural network theory, and cognitive sciences, machine learning, data mining, data security & privacy protection, and data-driven applications, computational intelligence, nature-inspired optimizers, and their engineering applications, cloud/edge/fog computing, the Internet of Things/Vehicles (IoT/IoV), and their system optimization, control systems, network synchronization, system integration, and industrial artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, neuro-fuzzy systems, decision making, and their applications in management sciences, computer vision, image processing, and their industrial applications, and natural language processing, machine translation, knowledge graphs, and their applications.