This volume brings together a set of pioneering essays in the environmental history of South Asia. The contributors come from Australia, Britain, France, India and the United States: they include some of the best-known historians of the subcontinent. Forests and water, the two natural resources perhaps most critical to the economic life of agrarian communities, loom large in many of the essays. Other contributions deal with pastoralists and fisherfolk, two important social groups neglected by historians; and with urban pollution, an environmental problem of enormous magnitude that has rather longer roots than is sometimes imagined. Some essays document the radical reshaping of resource use patterns under colonial rule; others focus on the environment as a contested space, the site of conflict and confrontation.