This monograph outlines the history of the Vietnamese National Military Academy (VNMA) from 1948 to 1975. The new institution trained military cadres according to the standards of advanced armies in the world. The application of the 4-year program became supple because of the needs and conditions of the battlegrounds. The VNMA went through a challenging journey to keep up with the world-famous military schools like the U.S. Military Academy (1802); Ecole Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (1802), and the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst (1812). Due to the unique circumstances of South Vietnam, the tasks of the VNMA were somewhat different and more complex than the other schools named above. That is, the VNMA must produce the military cadres to pursuing both national defense and nation-building endeavors. The history of VNMA was closely linked to the historical struggle of the Republic of Vietnam. After April 30, 1975, military researchers continued to investigate relevant issues and incidents to give answers to the ultimate question of whether the final collapse was inevitable or by taking different strategies that could make North Vietnam abandon its intention to invade South Vietnam? They are: 1. After the signing of the 1954 Peace Accord Treaty, the North Vietnamese still retained the war machine as in the first Indochina war. Since 1959, they had already explored the infiltration route to the South across Laos and Cambodia, known as the Hồ Chí Minh trail. 2. The Domino Theory, initiated by President Eisenhower in 1954 and followed through by both presidents Kennedy and Johnson, no longer had any geopolitical value under President Nixon. 3. The U.S. and South Vietnamese planners failed to interpret the strategy named the "General Offensive and General Uprising" developed by North Vietnamese leader Lê Duẩn since 1964. 4. The Tết Offensive of 1968, an utter military defeat for the Communist forces, turned out to be a psychological victory to them and a turning point