In the presented edition based on results of the 5th International Conference on Science and Technology Applications (ICoSTA-2023), the reader can find the latest research results in the field of application of materials and modern technologies. Synthesis techniques, properties, and structural analysis of various types of materials, such as nanocomposites, optical materials, structural materials, etc., are analysed in this collection of articles. Technologies of waste treatment, biomass processing and computational research in geology and geophysics are also presented in this edition. This book will be helpful to a wide range of specialists in the fields of materials sciences, environmental engineering, and geophysics.