Car electronics and digital processing technology has been used to improve efficiency and performance of engines for decades, yet the main focus is still on static or pseudo-static mode, but the engines loaded in the road vehicles are not operated always at static mode.As outcome of many years joint research of the authors with automotive industry, this book explains how to describe the behavior of engine dynamics operated at transient mode as a dynamical system, and by using advanced control theory to design a real-time control strategy to improve the efficiency and emission performance.