The U.S. government is required to conduct end-use monitoring (EUM) to ensure that foreign end users of U.S. defense articles and services are complying with the requirements of government-to-government agreements with respect to use, transfers, and security. EUM is not currently structured or resourced to monitor partners' operational use of transferred articles. However, in light of U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)-heightened commitments to mitigate civilian harm in U.S. military operations and efforts to integrate these principles into security cooperation programs, greater visibility into partner operational use of U.S.-supplied weapons is required to ensure partner compliance. The scope and purpose of EUM deserves to be revisited. In this report, the authors analyze the scope of existing EUM programs and identify mechanisms to better align U.S. policies and programs with broader national security guidance and policy commitments to enshrine human rights and civilian harm mitigation considerations in arms-transfer decisions. The authors envision an expanded scope for EUM that includes monitoring end users' operational use of U.S.-origin weapons and propose possible avenues for implementing operational EUM that complement DoD's broader, ongoing efforts to mitigate the risk of civilian harm.