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Cambridge Counv Geographies CUMBERLAND J. E. MARR, Sc.D. F.R.S. With illaps, Diagrams and Illustrations Cambridge at the University Press CAMBRIDGE COUNTY GEOGRAPHIES General Editor F. H. H. GUILLEMARU, M.A., M.D. CUMBERLAND VTaarbrtbgt PRINIEI 1Y JOHN CLAY, R1.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY IKESS I DESIRE to acknowledge my indebtedness to scvel-a1 friends atd to certain publications. I haire naturally colsulted the iral-ious writings of the late Chalccllor K. S. Ferguson, and have got much iriforrnatio11 fi-om the Tcrtzsnstions of tlie Culnbcrland and Westtnol-land Antiquarian and Archaeologicl Society. 1 haire also obtlined inforrnatin about tlie Wortliies of Cumberland from MS H. Lonsdale7s hook heal-ing that title. I wish to thank Mr T. Gray, Libmriln of Tullie House, Carlisle, for tnucll help when using the Biblio- tlleca Jacksoniana in that Ilstitution. To Mr K. J. J. Mackenzie, M.A., I am indebted for information con- cerning tlie agriculture of the cournty. The Hcadnaster of Blcncowe GI-amtnar Scllool, Mr F. R. Sandford, llas kindly scad the proofs. I tm, as c er, for the courtesy of all connected with the Uni.ersity Press with 110111 I haire bee11 bl-ought in colltact while the work was in progress, and tnust specially thank Mr H. A. PI-sons who 111dertook the production of tlie diagrams at the end of the book. CONTENTS PAGE I. County and Shire. Cuinberland Origin of the Word I 2. General Characteristics. Position and Natural Con- ditions. 4 3. Size. Shape. Boundaries. 9 4. Geology and Soil. 13 5. Surface and General Features.. 28 6. The Coast-Line. 33 7. Watersheds and Passes. 37 8. Rivers. 41 g. Lakes. 45 10. Scenery. 51 I I. Natural History. 58 I 2. Clilllate. 67 I 3.People-Race. Language. Settlenlent. Population 7 3 14. Agriculture. Forestry. 79 15. Industries. 83 16. Mining and Qiarrying. 85... Vlll COSTENTS PAGE History of the County. 89 Antiities-Prellistoric, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norse, Mediaeval. 97 rclitectre-h Kcclesistical Cllrrches and