The two-volume set CCIS 2061 and 2062 constitutes the refereed post-conference proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Bio-Inspired Computing: Theories and Applications, BIC-TA 2023, held in Changsha, China, during December 15–17, 2023. The 64 revised full papers presented in these proceedings were carefully reviewed and selected from 168 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: Volume I: Evolutionary Computation and Swarm Intelligence; and Membrane Computing and DNA Computing Volume II: Machine Learning and Applications; and Intelligent Control and Application.