Author Description

This volume introduces (IE(TM)) technology and its cutting-edge applications in industrial and medical fields. IE characteristics, including electrical properties, the possible formation mechanism and stability in aqueous solutions are discussed. Significant suppression of coke formation in ethylene production and reduction of calcium carbonate scaling in heat transfer equipment in the presence of IE are reported. Strong IE effects on purified enzymes, bacterial and fungal cells, mammalian tissues and immunity are discussed at length. Strong IE stimulation of cytokines (increasing immune responses to infection and cancer) is demonstrated. The role of IE crystals as regulators of specific immune responses is suggested.