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Philosophy as a way of life-a new, ancient paradigm -- Part 1. The ancients. 1. Socrates; 2. Epicureanism; 3. Stoicism and the art of living. 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 The Socratic lineage; 3.3 From Musonius Rufus to Seneca; 3.4 Epictetus' discourses and handbook; 3.5 Marcus Aurelius' meditations; 4. Platonisms as ways of life. 4.1. Platonisms; 4.2. Scepticisms, from academic to Pyrrhonian; 4.3. Cicero, philosophy as medicina animi; 4.4. Plotinus: mysticism as a way of life; 4.5. Boethius and the end of antiquity; 5. Philosophy as a way of life in the Middle Ages. 5.1. Christian philosophia?; 5.2. Monasticism and the spiritual exercises; 5.3. Scholasticism and the theoreticisation of philosophy; 5.4. Averroeism and philosophy for the laity -- Part 2. The moderns. 6. The Renaissances of philosophy as a way of life; 6.1. Humanism, philosophy and rhetoric; 6.2. Petrarch's Christianised stoicism; 6.3. Montaigne, the essayist as philosopher; 6.4. Justus Lipsius' Neostoicism; 7. The early moderns. 7.1. Francis Bacon, the novum organum and the Georgics of the mind; 7.2. Spinoza; 7.3. The Royal Society virtuosi and Shaftesbury's exercises; 8. Figures of the philosophe in the French Enlightenment. 8.1 "The philosophe" of Du Marsais, and of the enlightenment; 8.2. The patriarch, Voltaire: philosophy between Sirius and Earth; 8.3. "The" philosophe, Diderot, and his Seneca; 9. Schopenhauer and Nietzsche -- Part 3. 20th century reinventions. 10. Camus and existentialism; 11. Slavoj Zizek and the idea of the real; 12. Philosophy as therapy -- Conclusion: An apology for philosophy as a way of life.