The reprint contains 16 articles that have been published in the Special Issue "Advances in Computational Mathematics and Applied Mathematics". They cover a wide range of topics in the closely related fields of computational mathematics and applied mathematics, with keywords including nonlinear Schrödinger equations, Klein-Gordon equations, impulsive neutral differential equations, Kepler's equation, parabolic heat equations, nonlinear monotone equations, fractional differential equations, elliptic curves, inverse and ill-posed problems, the impulsive Runge-Kutta method, the Steffensen-type method without memory, reinforcement learning, the constrained Markov decision process, time series, financial mathematics, biomathematics, etc. Most research in the field of computational mathematics focuses on numerical analysis and scientific calculation methods, such as interpolation and approximation, numerical methods of differential equations, numerical integration, matrix computation, and linear equation systems. In applied mathematics, most research focuses on its practical applications in various fields, such as physics, engineering, finance, biology, and medicine. We hope that this reprint will be interesting and useful for those working in the areas of computational mathematics, applied mathematics, and artificial intelligence, in addition to those who have a mathematical background and want to become more familiar with recent advances in computational mathematics and applied mathematics, which have been widely applied in many fields of science and engineering.