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These essays explore cognitively oriented empirical trials that use AI programming as a modeling methodology and that can provide valuable insight into a variety of learning problems. New perspectives and techniques are shaping the field of computer-aided instruction. These essays explore cognitively oriented empirical trials that use AI programming as a modeling methodology and that can provide valuable insight into a variety of learning problems. Drawing on work in cognitive theory, plan-based program recognition, qualitative reasoning, and cognitive models of learning and teaching, this exciting research covers a wide range of alternatives to tutoring dialogues. Contents Artificial Intelligence and Learning Environments, William J. Clancey, Elliot Soloway * Cognitive Modeling and Intelligence Tutoring, John R. Anderson, C. Franklin Boyle, Albert T. Corbett, Matthew W. Lewis * Understanding and Debugging Novice Programs, W. Lewis Johnson * Causal Model Progressions as a Foundation for Intelligent Learning Environments, Barbara Y. White and John R. Frederiksen