The first edition of HFAC was published in 1989 and quickly made a substantial impact on the practice of preventive health care for children. It challenged many long established practices and suggested new areas for research. The importance of preventing disease and adverse outcome was emphasised.HFAC4 continues the themes of previous editions, in particular highlighting the growing evidence the behavioural problems and educational failure are not inevitable, and can be prevented. Thus the role of screening for developmental problems, while not ignored, is set in the context of what can be done to promote language development, reading, and enthusiasm for learning.This fourth edition differs significantly from its predecessors. Most importantly, it deals with the health care needs of children of school age as well as pre-school children. In addition, it outlines the needs of special groups of children, including those who are vulnerable or disabled and those living in unusual circumstances. The legislative framework is outlined and the hallmarks of good practice are described.HFAC4 will, like previous editions, be essential reading for all health professionals who work with children whether in the community or at the receiving end of referrals. It will also provide vital background knowledge for those charged with the responsibility of planning, commissioning and monitoring.Changes for the 4th edition: Takes full account of the current government initiatives on the children's health with particular reference to promoting children's health.Incorporates a review of the health care needs of school age children, as well as those for the under-fives.Emphasizes the importance of parent education and support, language, and the literacy skills.Reviews behavioural management programmes for parents.Describes the duties laid on PCTs with regard to education and social services support.Updated information on nutrition and injury prevention.New recommendations on screening, in line with those from The National Screening Committee.