APPLIED VETERINARY GYNAECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS Dr. Pradeep Kumar M.V.Sc., Ph. D (pursuing) Division of Animal Reproduction Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.) International Book Distributing Co. (Publishing Division) Published by International Book Distributing Co. (Publishing Division) Khushnuma Complex Basement 7, Meerabai Marg (Behind Jawahar Bhawan) Lucknow 226 001 U.P. (INDIA) Tel.: 91-522-2209542, 2209543, 2209544, 2209545 Fax: 0522-4045308 E-Mail: ibdco@airtelmail.in First Edition 2009 Price: Rs.??/- ISBN 81- 8189-???-? ©Publisher No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Composed & Designed at: Panacea Computers 3rd Floor, Agrawal Sabha Bhawan Subhash Mohal, Sadar Cantt. Lucknow-226 002 Tel.: 0522-2483312, 9335927082, 9452295008 E-mail: prasgupt@rediffmail.com Printed at: Salasar Imaging Systems C-7/5, Lawrence Road Industrial Area Delhi - 110 035 Tel.: 011-27185653, 9810064311 Dedicated to my beloved centenarian grandfather Shri Babujan Prasad (12.06.1906 - till date) whose blessings have brought me here upto... Perfection is accomplished not by doing extraordinary things, but by doing ordinary things extraordinarily well. vii PREFACE This book has been written for the purpose to cover the practical and clinical aspects of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics. The author has tried to prepare this book in a unique manner. The matter has been presented in a very simple language and lucrative manner so that one can read this book in one breath. In many books, very exhaustive and huge informations are given but these are very boring task to read for undergraduate students and clinicians. The aim of the book is to tell a scientific and technically sound precise story instead of presenting a data base encyclopaedia on the subject. Therefore the materials has been arranged accordingly and the supplementary informations or more detailed explanations are given in the boxes which can be consulted at once or return to after the principal points have been grasped. For increasing the interest and to give the information of new advances in the field of Veterinary Gynaecology, the author has made his every possible effort. For this, ‘Interesting Facts’, ‘Clinical Pointers’, ‘Do you know?’ ‘Points to Remember’ etc. have been incorporated in the boxes in between the matter. My main motto in compiling information in this book is to provide relevant information in a simple and interesting way so that matter should not appear difficult to understand by an average undergraduate students. A number of illustrations and photographs have been included to make each chapter meaningful. At the end of each chapter, ‘observations’ and ‘exercise’ have been given which will help a clinician in testing his/her acquired knowledge and a student in preparing for examinations and viva-voce. It is hoped that this style of writing will encourage the use of this book for the final year B.V.Sc & A.H., students and Veterinary clinicians. This book also cover clinical cases of cattle and buffalo in an interesting way with new concepts. Wherever it becomes necessary to point out the old concepts of treatment, I did and highlighted the new concepts of treatments. Thus this book gives an information about latest trend of treatments and explain the disadvantages of adopting old trend of treatments. In this book, various interesting and clinically important chapters have been included which are generally not given in the text books available in the market. For example, pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants by ‘recto-abdominal palpation’, early pregnancy diagnosis in cattle by ‘milk ejection test’ etc. These are very-very simple and reliable techniques for diagnosis of pregnancy. Generally pregnancy diagnosis viii in small ruminants requires X-ray and ultrasound because only abdominal palpation is not confirmatory diagnosis. However, use of these sophisticated methods are not feasible in the field conditions, whereas ‘recto-abdominal palpation technique’ gives 90-100 % accuracy without use of any sophisticated instrument. Likewise the author has tried to give as many such informations which can be applied in Indian field conditions. Therefore author thinks that this book is a readymade matter on Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics for final year undergraduate students of B.V.Sc. & A.H., field veterinarians and academicians. This book is also useful for various competitive examinations and interviews. This book has been divided into three parts. In the part I from chapter 1 to 17 are designed to help the final year students, beginners and clinicians to understand the anatomy and physiology of reproduction, gynaecological examinations and their applications to diagnose the clinical problems. In part II, chapters 18 to 28 emphasize the application of basic concepts of obstetrical cases and their management. In this part, author has tried to explain the basic principles of obstetrics, which are generally over-looked in most of the books available in the market. For example ‘how to apply rope on the legs and head of foetus’, ‘how to prevent the inner wall of uterus and birth canal from the teeth and hooves of the foetus’, ‘what should be the direction for traction of rope in different stages’ etc. Separate obstetrical cases, their incidences, causes and treatments have not been discussed in detail. Foetotomy and caesarean section have been described in detail. In part III, chapters 29 to 46 have been devoted to the therapeutic management of gynaecological problems. This part describes some of the problems that are commonly encountered in the field. The aim of writing this part is to at least provide a coherent overall therapy guide, create a stimulus and direction for greater in-depth study on particular chapter, and contribute a useful compilation of existing practical therapeutic knowledge for the veterinary undergraduates, clinicians and academicians. Antimicrobial agents are the most frequently used and misused drugs in veterinary practice. A rational approach to antimicrobial therapy entails choosing the proper drug to be administered to the particular animals after considerations of potential benefits and risks. Prerequisites to rational therapy include a diagnosis, understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and ix pharmacology of the drug and the establishment of therapeutic objectives. It is the purpose of this part to describe an approach to rational treatment of infections, which cause infertility in cattle and buffaloes. Part III also includes effect of homoeopathic medicines on the female genital tract. Hahnemann (1814) advocated their use in animals and so Veterinary Homoeopathy has a long tradition. At the end of this book, ‘Glossary’ and ‘Appendix’ have been given which will help the veterinary graduates in preparing for various competitive examinations, viva-voce examinations and interviews because these have been collected and arranged in a very lucid manner. The author encourages constructive comments and valuable suggestions, addition, alteration and correction for any typing error for improving this book in the next edition. PRADEEP KUMAR x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Timely help albeit small will ever be greater than the universe. I would like to thank all known and unknown hands who directly or indirectly gave their valuable contributions in gestation and birth of this book. In preparing this book, I have been greatly aided by suggestions received from many scientists including Dr. M.H. Akhtar, Dr. M.R. Ansari, Dr. R.P. Pandey, Dr. G.P. Roy, Dr. A.P. Singh and Dr. C. Singh. “One who directs the path of progress is angelic.” Words are inadequate to express my deep sense of indebtedness to Dr. G.P. Roy, for instilling in me a spirit of hope, struggle, determination and affection. I would like to express my sincere gratitude and thanks to Dr. Jitendra Kumar Singh for giving ideas to the use of homoeopathic drugs in bovines. I am extremely delighted in extending my thanks to Dr. Rahul Arya, Dr. Neeraj Srivastava, Dr. V.K. Bharti and Dr. Braj Bhushan Bachchoo for their constant encouragement and helping in proofreading of the manuscript. My friends and seniors Dr. Sanjay, Dr. Praveen, Dr. Shantanu, Dr. Nirbhay, Dr. Sunil, Dr. Asthana, Dr. Nishant, Dr. Nirala, Dr. Ajeet, Dr. Kaushal, Dr. Mithilesh, Dr. Dheeraj, Dr. Jeevan, Dr. Zeyaul and many others deserve sincere thanks for their moral support and valuable suggestions during writing of this book. “Where emotions are involved, words cease to exist”. I admit my inability to put into words, the depth of gratitude and respect. I owe a lot to my Parents for the sacrifices made by them at the cost of their comfort and happiness to bring me up to this stage. Last but not the least, I thank the Almighty for blessing me with indomitable will-power, courage, strength and stamina to accomplish this arduous task. xi CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments PART – I: GYNAECOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS 1. Study of female genitalia in slaughter house specimens 3 2. Comparative anatomy of female reproductive tracts 9 3. Per-rectal palpation of female genital organs 20 4. Oestrus detection in cattle and buffalo 30 5. Behavioural signs of oestrus in mare, ewe, doe and bitch 38 6. Detection of oestrus in bitch by vaginal cytology 43 7. Gynaecological examination of vagina 47 8. Technique of intra-uterine therapy 49 9. Collection of genital discharge 52 10. Examination of cervico-vaginal mucus sample 54 11. External and per-rectal pregnancy diagnosis in cattle/ buffalo 57 12. Early pregnancy diagnosis in cattle by “Milk-Ejection Test” 68 13. Differential diagnosis of pregnancy in bovine 70 14. Pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants 73 15. Biological and chemical methods of pregnancy diagnosis 77 16. Care of the postpartum dam 82 17. Care of newborn 85 PART – II: OBSTETRICS 18. Pelvices of different domestic animals 95 19. Pelvimetry of domestic animals 102 20. Presentation, position and posture of foetus 106 21. Caudal epidural anaesthesia 116 22. Uses of obstetrical instruments 124 23. An approach to a case of dystocia 132 24. Evidence of foetal life 140 25. Vaginal delivery by using mutation and force traction technique 144 26. Techniques of foetotomy 159 xii 27. Techniques of caesarean section in farm animals 172 28. Diagnosis and management of uterine torsion in farm animals 180 PART – III: CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 29. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of anoestrus cow 193 30. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of cystic ovarian degeneration 199 31. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of repeat breeder cows 208 32. Principles of antimicrobials therapy 216 33. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of post-partum infections in bovines 221 34. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of endometritis in bovines 230 35. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of septic puerperal metritis 237 36. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of pyometra 243 37. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of retention of placenta 248 38. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of Vaginal prolapse in in bovines 258 39. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of prolapse of uterus in bovines 271 40. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of foetal mummification 276 41. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of foetal maceration 283 42. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of hydramnios and hydrallantois 287 43. Artificial induction of lactation in infertile bovine 293 44. Hormonal drugs acting on the reproductive system 296 45. Homoeopathy in Female Reproductive Disorders 307 46. Drugs commonly used in bovine reproductive disorders 318 GLOSSARY 327 APPENDICES 349 INDEX 360