This volume was delivered as an Inaugural Lecture at the University of Oxford in February, 1985. Professor Kousser examines the development of the laws pertaining to racial segregation in American schools during the 19th-century. He concludes that the courts were not the only avenues pursued to address racial discrimination; in fact, in the 19th and 20th-centuries, radicals and racists agreed that courts were but one among several forums in which to conduct coordinated campaigns to achieve their ends.