The pre-European landscape of the United States: pristine or humanized? / Thomas R. Vale -- Indians and fire in the Rocky Mountains: the wilderness hypothesis renewed / William L. Baker -- Prehistoric human impacts on fire regimes and vegetation in the northern intermountain West / Duane Griffin -- Fire in the pre-European lowlands of the American Southwest / Kathleen C. Parker -- Lots of lightning and plenty of people: an ecological history of fire in the upland Southwest / Craig D. Allen -- Prehistoric burning in the Pacific Northwest: human versus climatic influences / Cathy Whitlock and Margaret A. Knox -- Fire in Sierra Nevada Forests: evaluating the ecological impact of burning by Native Americans / Albert J. Parker -- Pre-European fire in California chaparral / Jacob Bendix -- Reflections / THomas R. Vale.