Author Description

<p>As a dynamic interface between agriculture and forestry, agroforestry has only recently</p><p>been formally recognized as a relevant part of land use with 'trees outside forest' in</p><p>important parts of the world-but not everywhere yet. The Sustainable Development</p><p>Goals have called attention to the need for the multifunctionality of landscapes that</p><p>simultaneously contribute to multiple goals. In the UN decade of landscape restoration, </p><p>as well as in response to the climate change urgency and biodiversity extinction crisis, an</p><p>increase in global tree cover is widely seen as desirable, but its management by farmers</p><p>or forest managers remains contested. Agroforestry research relates tree-soil-crop-</p><p>livestock interactions at the plot level with landscape-level analysis of social-ecological</p><p>systems and efforts to transcend the historical dichotomy between forest and agriculture</p><p>as separate policy domains. An 'ecosystem services' perspective quantifies land</p><p>productivity, flows of water, net greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity conservation, </p><p>and combines an 'actor' perspective (farmer, landscape manager) with that of</p><p>'downstream' stakeholders (in the same watershed, ecologically conscious consumers</p><p>elsewhere, global citizens) and higher-level regulators designing land-use policies and</p><p>spatial zoning.</p>