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"Holod," or "holodomir," famine genocide, a deliberately provoked famine in Ukraine and elsewhere in the Soviet Union in the 1930s caused by the policies of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin designed to generate foreign exchange for the purchase of Western manufactured goods through the export of foodstuffs, often by starving food-growing regions, as well as to destroy Ukrainian independence movements. Its intentional aspect is apparent from government rejection of outside aid, confiscation of household foodstuffs, and restriction of population movement.