This book presents a case study on the city of Yangzhou in China from 1853 to 1928. During this time, the local society of Yangzhou experienced profound changes towards modernization, when the nation-state of China gradually took shape at the local level. "Yangzhou under the Qing" was transformed into "Yangzhou under modern China". The diverse interactions between the Protestant missions and the multiple actors in the local society kept generating new local context and giving special input to the shaping of modernity in the local society. This study analyses the changing situations of the local society as well as the role of Protestant Church as part of the local social fabric, and tries to achieve a better understanding of how modern China developed out of armed conflicts, power-play, and cooperations among different actors in the local society.