Machine Generated Contents Note: 1.1.darwin's Theory Of Evolution -- 1.2.criticisms Of Darwin's Theory -- 1.3.evolution By Discontinuous Variation -- 1.4.mutationism -- 1.5.neo-darwinism -- 1.6.neomutationism Or Mutation-driven Evolution -- 1.7.survival Of The Fittest And Survival Of The Niche-filling Variants -- 2.1.backgrounds -- 2.2.allele Frequency Changes As The Basic Process Of Evolution -- Mutation -- Natural Selection With Constant Fitness -- Mutation-selection Balance -- Balanced Polymorphism -- Natural Selection For Multiple Loci -- 2.3.difficulties Of Defining And Estimating Selection Coefficients -- Estimates Of Selection Coefficients And Their Reliability -- Fluctuation Of Selection Coefficients -- General Considerations -- 2.4.stochastic Changes Of Allele Frequencies -- Probability Of Fixation Of Mutant Alleles -- Equilibrium Distribution Of Allele Frequencies -- Effective Population Size And Sampling Errors Of Allele Frequencies --^ Random Errors Caused By Fluctuation Of Selection Coefficients -- 2.5.mutation And Standing Genetic Variation -- Artificial And Natural Selection In Quantitative Characters -- Evolution Of Drug Resistance -- 2.6.classical And Balance Theories Of Maintenance Of Genetic Variation -- Genetic Load -- Number Of Alleles That Can Be Maintained In Finite Populations -- 2.7.natural Selection As A Creative Force -- 2.8.summary -- 3.1.modifier Genes -- Evolution Of Dominance -- Modification Of Linkage Intensity -- 3.2.fisher's Fundamental Theorem Of Natural Selection -- 3.3.cost Of Natural Selection And Fertility Excess Required -- 3.4.shifting Balance Theory Of Evolution -- 3.5.accumulation Of Nonfunctional And Deleterious Mutations -- Y Chromosomes -- Nonfunctional Mutations In Duplicate Genes -- Deleterious Mutations And Muller's Ratchet -- 3.6.bottleneck Effects And Genetic Variability -- 3.7.beanbag Genetics And Evolution -- 3.8.summary -- 4.1.early Studies Of Molecular Evolution --^ 4.2.neutral Evolution At The Protein Level -- Cost Of Natural Selection And Neutral Theory -- Definition Of Neutral Mutations -- King And Jukes's View -- Definition Of Neutral Theory -- 4.3.molecular Clocks -- Evolutionary Rate Under Purifying Selection -- Evolutionary Rate And Generation Time -- Functional Constraints Of Proteins -- Variation In Mutation Rate -- Molecular Clocks And Neutral Theory -- 4.4.evolution Of Protein-coding Genes -- General Properties Of Evolution Of Protein-coding Genes -- Fast-evolving Genes -- 4.5.protein Polymorphism -- 4.6.neutral Evolution At The Dna Level -- Synonymous And Nonsynonymous Nucleotide Substitutions -- Pseudogenes As A Paradigm Of Neutral Evolution -- Slightly Deleterious Or Nearly Neutral Mutations -- 4.7.advantageous Mutations -- Evolution Of New Protein Function -- Immune System Genes -- Trans-species Polymorphism -- 4.8.recent Statistical Studies For Detecting Positive Selection --^ Bayesian Methods For Identifying Positively-selected Codon Sites -- Mk Test And Its Extensions -- Extended Haplotype Homozygosity And Fst Tests -- Statistical Studies And Biochemical Verification -- Frequency Distributions Of Mutant Nucleotides -- 4.9.summary -- 5.1.new Genes Generated By Gene Duplication -- Increase In The Number Of Genes By Gene Duplication -- Genome Size And Number Of Genes -- Gene Numbers And Phenotypic Complexity -- 5.2.evolution Of Multigene Families -- 5.3.concerted Evolution -- Unequal Crossover, Gene Conversion, And Purifying Selection -- Tandemly Arrayed Histone Genes -- 5.4.birth-and-death Evolution -- Mhc Genes -- Immunoglobulins And Other Immune Systems Genes -- Olfactory And Other Chemosensory Receptor Genes -- Birth-and-death Evolution With Strong Purifying Selection -- 5.5.multigene Families And Evolution Of New Genetic Systems -- Adaptive Immune System -- Homeobox Genes Involved In Animal And Plant Development --^ Multigene Families And Flower Development In Plants -- 5.6.genomic Drift And Copy Number Variation -- 5.7.noncoding Dna And Transposable Genetic Elements -- Exons And Introns -- Transposable Genetic Elements -- Tandem Repetitive Sequences -- 5.8.summary -- 6.1.changing Concepts Of The Gene And Gene Expression -- Definition Of A Gene -- Protein-coding And Regulatory Regions Of Genes -- Gene Regulatory Networks -- Small Rnas That Control The Level Of Gene Expression -- Methylation And Epigenetics -- Signaling Pathways And Gene Interaction -- 6.2.evolution Of Physiological And Morphological Characters -- Changes In The Protein-coding Regions Of Genes -- Gene Regulation Hypothesis -- Major Gene Effect Hypothesis -- Gene Regulatory Networks And Morphological Evolution -- 6.3.evolution Of Gene Regulatory Systems -- Cis-regulatory Elements -- Evolutionary Change Of Micrornas And Other Small Rnas Controlling Gene Expression -- 6.4.epigenetics And Phenotypic Evolution --^ Environmental Sex Determination -- Evolution Of Temperature-dependent Sex Determination -- Vernalization And Flowering In Plants -- 6.5.gene Co-option And Horizontal Gene Transfer -- Gene Co-option -- Horizontal Gene Transfer -- Photosynthetic Animals -- 6.6.summary -- 7.1.speciation By Chromosomal Mutations -- Formation Of New Species By Polyploidization -- Changes Of Genomic Structures And Speciation -- Chromosomal Rearrangements And Speciation -- 7.2.evolution Of Reproductive Isolation By Genic Mutation -- Oka Model Of Speciation By Duplicate Gene Mutations -- Dobzhansky-muller (dm) Model Of Evolution Of Reproductive Isolation -- Multiallelic Complementary Genes Model -- Single-locus Speciation -- 7.3.reproductive Isolation By Complex Genetic Systems -- Segregation Distorters And Speciation -- Heterochromatin-associated Hybrid Incapacity -- 7.4.other Mechanisms Of Evolution Of Reproductive Isolation -- 7.5.speciation By Bottleneck Effects --^ 7.6.hybrid Sterility Generated By Passive Process Of Phenotypic Evolution -- 7.7.summary -- 8.1.adaptation By Mutation -- 8.2.evolution Of Some Specific Characters -- Evolution Of Eyes And Photoreceptors -- Evolution Of Caste Systems In Honeybees And Some Other Insects -- Evolution Of Asymmetric Morphology In Flatfish, Snails, And Other Organisms -- 8.3.regressive Evolution And Pseudogenes -- Universality Of Vestigial Characters -- Molecular Basis Of Regressive Evolution -- Parasitic Organisms And Their Genomic Changes -- 8.4.evolution Of Sex-determination Mechanisms -- Sex Determination In Vertebrates -- Sex Determination In Invertebrates -- 8.5.degeneration Of The Y (w) Chromosome -- Y Degeneration And Dosage Compensation -- Molecular Basis Of X-chromosome Dosage Compensation -- Evolution By Sexually Antagonistic Mutations -- 8.6.evolution Of Behavioral Characters -- Selfish Gene Theory Of Evolution -- Molecular Studies Of Behavioral Genes -- 8.7.summary --^ 9.1.distinct Processes Of Mutation And Selection -- 9.2.random Factors And Gene Co-option In Evolution -- 9.3.retrospective And Prospective Studies Of Evolution -- 9.4.genomic Constraints And Constraint-breaking Evolution -- Progressive Evolution -- Origin Of Life Without Purpose -- Constraint-breaking Evolution -- 9.5.genetic Variation Within Species -- 9.6.niche-filling Evolution -- A.allele Frequency Changes Due To Natural Selection -- Deterministic Models For Allele Frequency Changes -- Equilibrium Frequencies Due To Mutation And Selection -- B.allele Frequency Distributions Under The Infinite-site Model -- C.temporal Fluctuation Of Selection Coefficients -- General Comments -- D.artificial Selection For Quantitative Characters -- E.genetic Load -- Mutation Load -- Segregation Load -- F.bayesian Method Of Detecting Positively Selected Codons -- 1.challenges Of Automotive Systems Engineering For Industry And Academia --^ 2.automotive Systems Engineering: A Personal Perspective / Hermann Winner -- 3.system Architectures For Automated Vehicle Guidance Concepts / Markus Maurer -- 4.requirements Analysis For A Universal System Architecture For Ecological And Economical Driver Assistance Systems / Felix Lotz -- 5.static Software Architecture Of The Sensor Data Fusion Module Of The Stadtpilot Project / Peter Korzenietz -- 6.maneuver-based Vehicle Guidance Based On The Conduct-by-wire Principle / Sebastian Ohl -- 7.objective Controllability Assessment For Unintended Adas Reactions / Sebastian Geyer -- 8.design And Safety Analysis Of A Drive-by-wire Vehicle / Alexander Weitzel -- 9.reference Systems For Environmental Perception / Peter Bergmiller -- 10.a System Architecture For Heterogeneous Signal Data Fusion, Integrity Monitoring And Estimation Of Signal Quality / Mohamed Brahmi. Masatoshi Nei. Includes Bibliographical References And Indexes.