Author Description

Frogs are widely used in medical research because they secret substance through their skin. Some secretions are very useful for researcher due to antibiotics and pain killer formation but also some frogs secrete a toxin which is so powerful that just touching to frog can be fatal. Frogs are also bio-indicators they are highly sensitive to pollution and other pollutants in the water. Frogs are also source of food in some countries. Nearly all frogs are infested by animal parasites of various kinds. In Pakistan currently 19 species are known belonging to 4 families many of trematode species reported from frogs of Pakistan and also the world. 53 specimens of Rana tigrina were examined during the study, 17 of which found infected with digenetic trematode i.e., Diplodiscus amphichrus. Prosotocus confuses; Mehraorchis ranarum; Ganeo kumaonensis and Tremiorchis ranarum. All were collected from the intestine while G. kumaonersis collected from the stomach and intestine. Microtomy of kidney was carried out to know the cellular changes due to toxic effect of D. amphichrus which indicated atrophy, cystic formation in glomerules and necrotic foci in both the cortical and medular region.