When I taking pictures of beautiful sceneries, I gradually know that remote sensing is a complex system. The radiation signal received by the sensor is surface-atmosphere coupled, including the signal of path radiance, surface reflection, and surface-atmosphere interaction, a phenomenon which impedes quantitative information acquisition from both a surface and atmosphere aspect. This reprint collects a series of representative studies in the research field of aerosol and atmospheric correction, mainly focus on the improvement of aerosol identification and retrieval method; atmospheric aerosol formation, transfer, and spatio-temporal variation; and the effect of aerosol on the atmospheric correction and quantitative remote sensing. These advancements help to continuously improve our understanding of atmospheric aerosol and the accuracy of quantitative remote sensing research.