This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the development and application of near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) in cancer surgery. It thoroughly examines the history, principles, agents, functions, and devices associated with NIRF, along with the latest preclinical research and clinical applications. Special emphasis is placed on the advancements in the second NIRF window and its global implementation in cancer surgery, including innovative molecular imaging technologies in clinical translation. Additionally, the book explores the limitations and potential solutions of NIRF, offering insights into its future trends and perspectives. It serves as a valuable resource for university researchers, surgeons, radiologists, and both undergraduate and graduate students in medicine.