This book aims to present an overview of China’s pension reform by first comprehensively analyzing the population aging situation, including its characteristics and future trends predicted through various models. It then examines the current state of the pension system, from its composition and reform history to the details of the endowment insurance fund. It further explores the reasons for reform, considering both external pressures and internal parameter limitations. Moreover, it looks into future reform directions by studying international experiences and China’s unique circumstances, and also analyzes the potential impacts and prospects, including aspects like international cooperation and the role of technological development. The content spans a wide range. It covers demographic aspects related to population aging, the structure and operation of the pension system, the economic and financial aspects such as fund management and sustainability, policy-related elements like reform causes and directions, international comparisons and cooperation, and the intersection of technology and pensions, including how digitalization, big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain are changing the pension landscape.