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Excerpt from An Econometric Analysis of Nonsynchronous Trading It has long been recognized that the sampling of economic time series plays a subtle but critical role in determining their stochastic properties. Perhaps the best example of this is the growing literature on temporal aggregation biases that are created by confusing stock and ow variables. This is the essence of Working's (1960) now classic result in which time-averages are mistaken for point-sampled data. More generally, econometric problems are bound to arise when we ignore the fact that the statistical behavior of sampled data may be quite different from the behavior of the underlying stochastic process from which the sample was obtained. Yet another manifestation of this general principle is what may be called the non-synchronicity problem, which results from the assumption that multiple time series are sampled simultaneously when in fact the sampling is nonsynchronous. For example the daily prices of financial securities quoted in the Wall Street Journal are usually closing prices, prices at which the last transaction in each of those securities occurred on the previous business day. It is apparent that closing prices of distinct securities need not be set simultaneously, yet few empirical studies employing daily data take this into account. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.